Tetragonula carbonaria brood advancing front, with its distinctive spiral pattern.

Tetragonula hockingsi brood. Notice how the open brood cells are spread across all layers of the brood.

Tetragonula clypearis brood. This colony was a result of an eduction from a house wall in Cairns. It is now much healthier than the photo shows.

Underside view of a Tetragonula carbonaria spiral brood comb showing a number of queen cells around the outside.

Hockingsi guard bees clustered at a nest entrance slit.

Male bees roosting together on a plant below a hive.

Hive entrance coated in sticky cadaghi seeds/resin (Brisbane). The seeds stick to the bees' legs while they are collecting resin from the gum nut.

Phorid flies caught in a trap which was placed in a hive under attack. The bait is apple cider vinegar. Phorid flies lay eggs inside the hive and their maggots consume the honey and pollen pots.

A golden orb spider eating a syrphid fly in its web. Syrphid flies are a major pest of native bee colonies. They lay their eggs in cracks or in the entrance of weak hives. The maggots consume the stores within.